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Birth and Early Life
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was born in Mecca, in the Arabian
Peninsula, around 570 CE. He belonged to the Quraysh tribe, and his early life was marked by
the loss of his parents and being raised by his grandfather and uncle. He was known for his
honesty and trustworthiness, earning the title "Al-Amin" (the trustworthy).
Revelation and the Beginning
of Islam
At 40, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) began receiving revelations
from Allah through the Angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira. These revelations continued for 23
years and form the basis of the Qur'an. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) started preaching the
message of monotheism, urging people to worship one God, Allah, and abandon idolatry.
Opposition and Persecution in Mecca
As Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)'s following grew, he faced strong
opposition from the Quraysh leaders, who felt threatened by his message. His followers,
known as Muslims, were persecuted, leading to several migrations, including the migration to
Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia) for refuge.
The Hijra to Medina
In 622 CE, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his followers
migrated to Yathrib (later known as Medina) in an event called the Hijra. This migration
marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) established
a Muslim community and became a political and spiritual leader.
Establishment of the Muslim Ummah in Medina
In Medina, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) established the first
Muslim community, or Ummah, based on Islamic principles. He introduced the Constitution of
Medina, which outlined the rights and duties of Muslims, Jews, and other communities living
in the city.
Conflict with the Quraysh and Battles
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his followers faced several
military conflicts with the Quraysh of Mecca, including significant battles such as Badr
(624 CE), Uhud (625 CE), and the Trench (627 CE). These battles were crucial in solidifying
the position of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula.
The Conquest of Mecca
In 630 CE, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) led a peaceful conquest
of Mecca, where he and his followers entered the city without bloodshed. He forgave his
former enemies and cleansed the Kaaba of idols, establishing it as the central place of
worship for Muslims.
Farewell Pilgrimage and Final Sermon
In 632 CE, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) performed his Farewell
Pilgrimage to Mecca, where he delivered his final sermon on the Mount of Mercy. He
emphasized the importance of equality, justice, and the rights of women, and he reaffirmed
the core tenets of Islam